In this talk, I will discuss the latest advances in wind farm modeling, observation and control and also provide a glimpse into potential future research pathways. As the wind energy industry matures and wind turbines and wind farms continue to grow in number and size, a better understanding of the interactions between turbines, farms and the atmosphere is critical for continued growth. Such interactions determine the efficiency of wind farm production, the reliability of individual turbines and ultimately the overall cost of wind energy. To gain a better understanding of these interactions, researchers from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in partnerships with others, are developing simulation tools that span the range of scales important for wind farm interactions. Researchers are also simultaneously conducting observational campaigns within operational wind farms to gather better physical insight and provide validation data for simulation tools. Insights gathered from both simulation and observation have allowed us to develop innovative wind farm control strategies that increase wind farm performance and these strategies are now being tested in the field.